AIT Product and Application Resources
Backgrinding Liquid Wax (BGL 7080) as an Adhesive
A silicon neural probe fabricated using a deep reactive ion etching based process on 250 μm thin silicon wafers was developed. The fabricated probes replicate the design of soft parylene-C based probes embedded in dissolvable needles and can therefore also be used to test the encapsulation properties of parylene-C in-vivo without introducing additional effects introduced by the dissolvable gel. The process also demonstrates the possibility of performing conventional photolithography on substrates bonded to a handle wafer using a backgrinding liquid wax (BGL7080) as an adhesive.
AIT Underfill Systems & Solutions
AIT’s Underfills are designed with molecular structures to provide unparalleled ability to provide compressive stress for chip and component soldering interconnection while absorbing planar shear stresses during thermal cycling and operations. The designed molecular structure not only incorporated high Tg but also outstanding moisture barrier with low moisture absorption for MSL level 1 component level reliability.
AIT 3D Build-up Films & Complimentary Products
AIT build-up film represents a new class of build-up film adhesive prepregs with nano-fillers (BUF-NP product line) to advance the micron-sized lines and micro-vias in the 3-D wafer heterogenous integration. AIT BUF is molecularly engineered with the unparalleled, balanced properties of high Tg with stress absorption along with low moisture absorption and low dielectric Dk and Df for reliability and performance.
Glossary of Terms Related to AIT Products and Applications
Adhesive Bond Strength (Lap Shear)
Adhesive bond strength is a measurement of “van-der-waal” forces between the adhesives and the adherends (substrate or part).
If the bonding force is higher than the intrinsic strength of the adhesive, the failure mode is said to be cohesive failure. There is typically adhesive on both sides of the adherends.
If the bonding force is lower than the intrinsic strength of the adhesive, the failure mode is said to be adhesive failure. There is at least one side of the adherends that is “clean” or void of adhesive remnants.
Lap-Shear bonding is a measurement when adhesive strength is measured by bonding two 3″x1″ aluminum coupons with 1/2″ overlap (hence lap-shear). Lap-shear is more useful for structural assembly.
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion (CTE, Linear)
Measurement of change of linear length, increase or decrease, per unit during temperature change.
Typical unfilled rigid adhesive has CTE of 60 ppm/°C. Filled adhesive has CTE of 20-60 ppm/°C. Flexible adhesive has 2 or 3 times this CTE value.
Corrosivity and PH
Some resins and mixtures may be acidic or basic (0-14 scale) depending on their chemical make up.
The best adhesives are as neutral as possible.
Some curing agents may emit a corrosive component that causes the metallization of the microelectronic devices to degrade and fail.
AIT products have been engineered to have no corrosive agents and very close to neutral (~7) acidity.
DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry)
This is a measurement of heat generated (or absorbed) during curing.
Typically, generated/absorbed heat is measured using a device called a Differential Scanning Calorimeter that measures the amount of heat per unit mass when temperatures “scan” at 10 or 20°C per minute.
a Differential Scanning Calorimeter can measure the time a large change of heat can be generated or absorbed at a specified constant temperature of cure.
When peaks or valleys disappear, the adhesive is considered “cured”.
Shorter cure time or lower temperature of curing are always preferable.
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
The temperature above which the adhesive changes from a hard solid like glass to soft rubber.
Typical epoxy adhesive has Tg of around 80-150°C.
Tg is a reflection of the molecular mobility or freedom at a particular temperature. A rigid molecule has high Tg.
Tg has no relationship with thermal stability of the adhesive.
Tg can be measured by DSC, DMA, or any method that measures the molecular movement of the adhesive.
Hardness And Softness
Quality measurement of modulus.
Shore D is used to measure hard adhesive. Shore A is used to measure softer rubber-like adhesives.
Ionic Impurities
Epoxies are typically high in ionic impurities such as chloride (Cl-), ammonium, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and other ions.
Free ionics may cause corrosion of metallization and thus are undesirable.
Low ionic contents of less than 20 ppm is desirable even though military specs allow over 100 ppm.
IR (Infrared Spectrum)
A “finger-print” of the resins used in a specific adhesive.
Any major changes will be represented as different peaks in the spectrum.
The IR measures the molecular structure of the resins.
Modulus Of Elasticity (Flexibility/Rigidity)
Measurement of adhesive rigidity or flexibility.
Defined as the force per unit area (stress) necessary to induce a unit change of length (strain).
Rigid material has high modulus of elasticity.
Typical rigid epoxy has modulus of over 1,000,000 psi.
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is a measurement of the modulus as a function of temperature of a given strain rate.
Outgassing, Residual Gas Analysis (RGA)
Outgassing is a measurement of weight given-off during an excursion of temperature such as 125°C or 150°C. Most of the weight given off is moisture absorbed within the adhesive.
NASA and ESA have specs that adhesive should lose less than 1.0% weight during 24 hour exposure at 125°C and less than 0.1% condensable.
Residual Gas Analysis is a measurement of weight loss after exposed to 125°C or higher temperature in an enclosed package. Sometimes the gaseous products may cause corrosion of metallization of the device.
Pot Life
A measurement of useful life of the adhesive after taken out from freezer or mixed.
Traditional adhesive industry defines pot-life as the time for the viscosity to increase 100% of its starting value.
In the electronics industry, because of the delicate dispensing of adhesives and the requirement for accuracy when determining the amount of dispensed adhesive, AIT defines adhesive pot-life or useful-life as the time needed for the viscosity to increase 20% in the original container.
Typical pot-life of 2-part epoxy is around 1-8 hours.
Typical pot-life of a properly engineered 1-part epoxy should be well over 24 hours.
Shelf Life
A measurement of stable storage life in specified storage conditions. For example, ambient condition for film adhesive, <-40°C for single component epoxy, ambient condition for unmixed 2-component epoxy, etc.
Typically, the shelf-life is one year for AIT products. Much of the shelf-life determination has to do with the warranty period rather the usefulness of the adhesive.
TGA (Thermal Gravimetric Analysis)
A measurement of thermal stability of a particular adhesive.
It is a measurement of weight loss when the cured adhesive is gradually heated (10-20°C/min).
Typical epoxy adhesives suffer major weight loss at around 250-350°C.
Higher TGA temperatures for on-set of major degradation or weight loss suggest longer useful life at 150°C, the normal measurement of thermal stability.
Thermal stability has nothing to do with the flexibility or hardness of the adhesive.
Thermal stability is a measurement of chemical bonding forces between atoms that form the molecular structure.
Most of AIT adhesives have high thermal stability with on-set of degradation around 350-450°C.
Viscosity and Thixotropic Index
Viscosity:
A measurement of “drag” or resistance to applied shear of a specific liquid or paste.
Thicker paste has higher viscosity.
Typical silver epoxy has viscosity of ~10,000 to 20,000 cps (centipoise).
Typical measurement equipment uses the cone-and-plate method with specific spindle number for heavier paste.
Typical adhesive is non-Newtonian, i.e. the viscosity is different for different shear rate (speed of spindle). Most paste is thixotropic, i.e. faster spindle speed, or higher shear rate, lower viscosity.
Thixotropic Index (TI):
A ratio of viscosity at 10 times of the shear rate or spindle speed.
TI = Viscosity at 1.0 rpm/Viscosity at 10 rpm
Or
TI = Viscosity at 0.5 rpm/Viscosity at 5 rpm
(AIT uses this ratio)
For a recommendation, information or assistance, please contact AIT sales and engineering:
AIT technical sales and service department can also be reached at: 1-609-799-9388 and Fax: 609-799-9308